How+to+Write+A+Literature+Review

=THE PURPOSE = Literature Review can be written = = =HOW TO START WRITING = 1. Find a topic or a relevant research question.
 * as a part of a Research paper, Proposal or Thesis / Dissertation,
 * to learn the topic
 * to improve understanding of the topic,
 * to develop new ideas,
 * to demonstrate the researcher’s knowledge about the topic.

//State the research question as specifically as possible //

//Example: // //Choose which one is more specific? // //(The second question is more specific.) //
 * //What are the outcomes of direct translation method? //
 * //What are the differences between direct translation method and communicative language teaching method in regard to speaking outcomes in the preparation classes of an English medium university? //

2. Search for articles and books that fit into your context.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Go to the library or an online database (@http://bilgimerkezi.yeditepe.edu.tr/ or @http://scholar.google.com.tr/) to find **general reference tools, primary and secondary sources.** 
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">General reference tools //**//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">tell you where to look to locate other sources. //

 **//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In the Indexes you can find: //** 
 * o //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Author, //
 * o //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Title, //
 * o //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Place of publication of articles and other materials //
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In the Abstracts you can find: //**
 * o //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Brief summary or annotation of various publications //
 * o //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Author, //
 * o //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Title, //
 * o //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Place of publication of articles and other materials //


 * **//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Primary sources //**//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> give you firsthand information //
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In **primary sources** researchers report the results of their studies directly to the reader ////<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">(i.e. Journals and Reports) //
 * **//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Secondary sources //**//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> give you secondhand information //
 * **//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In Secondary sources //**//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> authors describe the work of others ////<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">(i.e. Textbooks) //

=<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">HOW TO COLLECT RELEVANT SOURCES =

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">1. Read headings to have an idea about the whole paper <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;"> 2. Read Abstracts for summary of the paper <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;"> 3. Read Conclusions to see the results of the study <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;"> 4. Read Reference pages to find more sources related to that topic

=<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">THE PROCESS =

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">HOW TO ANALYSE THE ARTICLES
<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">1. Read the abstract and conclusion. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;"> 2. Read the whole paper. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;"> 3. Read the abstract and conclusion again. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;"> 4. Take some notes soon after reading the article. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;"> 5. Describe and summarize the articles you have read.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Describe: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">• //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Problem: // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">• //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Hypotheses or objectives: // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">• //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Procedures: // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">• //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Findings: // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">• //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Conclusions: //

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">6. Discover relationships between sources
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Major themes and concepts
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Critical gaps and disagreements

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">7. Use mind maps or literature matrix while reading sources in order to understand theory, concepts and the relationships between them. //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">(i.e. A table, chart or flow chart) // //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">(How to mind map: //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">//http://www.mind-mapping.co.uk/_images/_Images/ADVICE-AND-INFORMATION/How-to-MindMap-imindmap.jpg// //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">) //
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Literature matrix: an organizational tool to display the relationship or common attributes among multiple studies //
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mind Map: an organizational tool to visualise the relationship between themes. //

=<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">HOW TO STRUCTURE THE LITERATURE REVIEW =


 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Identify the key themes in the review
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Start organizing the concepts and documents in accordance with the key themes or use the literature matrix
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Organise what to write.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Introduction
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Theoretical framework(s) underlying the research purpose
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Review of relevant empirical studies and/or qualitative research
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Summary

 //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Use helpful phrases to integrate key concepts //
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Integrate:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Synthesis of key concepts

 //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Using direct quotations, cite the author, date and page number of the quote. //
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Quotations, in the words of the original writer

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Ferris noted that we are essentially “at Square One and need to see to better, well designed research” (2004, p. 49). <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (Evans, N. W., Hartshorn, K. J., & Krause, D. (2011). The efficacy of dynamic written corrective feedback for university matriculated ESL learners. //System.// 39 (2), 229 – 239)

 //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Paraphrasing should be acknowledged with a citation. //
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">Paraphrasing of research findings or theories from other authors.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> In similar fashion, Gue´nette (2007) argued that most claims about corrective feedback being effective or ineffective are difficult to substantiate since much of the current research is faulty and methodologically inconsistent. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (Evans, N. W., Hartshorn, K. J., & Krause, D. (2011). The efficacy of dynamic written corrective feedback for university matriculated ESL learners. //System.// 39 (2), 229 – 239)

=<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Click here to download exercises =